An ephod (pronounced either \ē´fod\ or \ef´od\) was a type of object in ancient Israelite culture, and was closely connected with oracular practices. In the Books of Samuel, David is described as wearing one when dancing in the presence of the Ark of the Covenant, and one is described as standing in the sanctuary at Nob, with a sword behind it; in the book of Exodus and in Leviticus one is described as being created for the Kohen Gadol (Jewish High Priest) to wear as part of his official vestments; in the Book of Judges, Gideon and Micah each made one from molten gold, and Gideon's was worshipped.
Within the Bible, in the contexts where it is worn, the Ephod is usually described as being linen, but did not constitute complete clothing of any kind, as the Books of Samuel describe Michal as taunting David for indecently exposing himself by wearing one. Specifically, David is described as girding himself with an Ephod, but since girding is a term used in Biblical Hebrew only to describe binding something around the loins, and since when Samuel is described as girding himself with an ephod, his tunic is mentioned separately, it would appear to have been something like a loincloth, girdle, or swordbelt. There appears to have been a strong religious and ceremonial implication to wearing an Ephod, since the eighty five priests at Nob are specifically identified as being the type of people who wore an Ephod; though the masoretic text here describes them as being linen ephods, the word linen is not present in the Septuagint version of the passage, nor is it present when the Septuagint describes David and Samuel as girding themselves with an Ephod, and textual scholars regard its presence in the masoretic text as a later editorial gloss.
A passage in the Book of Exodus describes the Ephod as an elaborate garment worn by the high priest, and upon which the Hoshen (breastplate), containing Urim and Thummim, rested. According to this description, the Ephod was woven out of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet threads, was made of fine linen, and was embroidered with cunning work in gold thread; the Talmud argues that each of the textures was combined in six threads with a seventh of gold leaf, making twenty-eight threads to the texture in total. The Biblical description continues without describing the shape or length of the Ephod, except by stating that it was held together by a girdle, and had two shoulder straps which were fastened to the front of the Ephod by golden rings, to which the breastplate was attached by golden chains; from this description it appears to have been something like a minimalist apron or a skirt with braces, though Rashi argued that it was like a woman's riding girdle. The biblical description also adds that there were two jewels over the shoulder straps (like epaulettes), made from shoham (thought by scholars to mean Malachite, by Jewish tradition to mean Heliodor, and in the King James Version is translated as Onyx), and with the names of the twelve tribes written upon them; the classical rabbinical sources differ as to the order in which the tribes were named on the jewels. Textual scholars attribute the description of the Ephod in Exodus to the priestly source and to a date later than the other mentions of Ephod; biblical scholars believe that the Ephod may have evolved over time into this highly ceremonial form from more primitive beginnings (the simple linen form described in the Books of Samuel), much like the manner in which the highly liturgical maniple evolved from an ordinary handkerchief.
